embedded-programming/interrupts/pin-interrupt-notes.md

External Interrupt Configuration (ATmega328P)

SREG (Status Register)

SREG is AVR status register with 8-bit status:

• Bit 0 → Carry Flag (C) – for ALU operations
• Bit 1 → Zero Flag (Z) – result is zero
• Bit 2 → Negative Flag (N) – result is negative
• Bit 3 → Two’s Complement Overflow Flag (V) – arithmetic overflow
• Bit 4 → Sign Bit (S) – N ⊕ V
• Bit 5 → Half Carry Flag (H) – carry from bit 3 to 4
• Bit 6 → Bit Copy Storage (T) – used in bit operations
• Bit 7 → Global Interrupt Enable (I) – Important for interrupt

Enable Global Interrupt

SREG |= (1 << 7);
// or
sei();

Disable Global Interrupt

SREG &= ~(1 << 7);
// or
cli();

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External Interrupt Pins

• PD2 → INT0
• PD3 → INT1

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EICRA (External Interrupt Control Register A)

Controls how external interrupts trigger.

ISC (Interrupt Sense Control)

ISCx1	ISCx0	Mode
0	0	Low Level
0	1	Any Logical Change
1	0	Falling Edge
1	1	Rising Edge

Bit Positions

• INT0 → ISC01 (bit1), ISC00 (bit0)
• INT1 → ISC11 (bit3), ISC10 (bit2)

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Interrupt Trigger Modes (INT0)

1. Low Level (00) //holding button

EICRA &= ~((1 << ISC01) | (1 << ISC00));

Bit calculation:

• (1 << ISC01) = 00000010
• (1 << ISC00) = 00000001
• OR = 00000011
• NOT = 11111100
• Result → ISC01=0, ISC00=0

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2. Any Logical Change (01)

EICRA &= ~(1 << ISC01);
EICRA |=  (1 << ISC00);

Bit calculation:

• Clear ISC01 → 0
• Set ISC00 → 1
• Result → 01

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3. Falling Edge (10)

EICRA |=  (1 << ISC01);
EICRA &= ~(1 << ISC00);

Bit calculation:

• Set ISC01 → 1
• Clear ISC00 → 0
• Result → 10

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4. Rising Edge (11)

EICRA |= (1 << ISC01) | (1 << ISC00);

Bit calculation:

• (1 << ISC01) = 00000010
• (1 << ISC00) = 00000001
• OR = 00000011
• Result → ISC01=1, ISC00=1

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INT1 (Same Logic)

Replace:

• ISC01 → ISC11
• ISC00 → ISC10

Example (Rising Edge INT1):

EICRA |= (1 << ISC11) | (1 << ISC10);

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Practical Note (Real Hardware Behavior)

• Button press is not 100% stable
• Causes:
  • Mechanical bounce
  • Loose wiring / plug-in noise
  • Floating inputs

Recommendation

• Avoid: Any Logical Change (too sensitive)
• Prefer:
  • Falling Edge (more stable detection)
  • Or implement HOLD logic in software

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EIMSK (External Interrupt Mask Register)

Controls enabling/disabling of interrupts.

Bit Positions

• Bit 0 → INT0 enable
• Bit 1 → INT1 enable

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Enable / Disable Interrupt Lines

Enable INT0

EIMSK |= (1 << INT0);

Disable INT1

EIMSK &= ~(1 << INT1);

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Why Disable Unused Interrupts

• Prevent false triggering from floating pins
• Reduce noise impact
• Ensure controlled initialization
• Avoid unintended behaviour

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Interrupt Execution Flow

1. Configure trigger in EICRA
2. Enable interrupt in EIMSK
3. Enable global interrupt (sei)
4. Event occurs → CPU jumps to ISR

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ISR (Interrupt Service Routine)

ISR is executed automatically when interrupt occurs.

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Flag-Based Handling

Global Flag

volatile uint8_t flag = 0;

• volatile required (value changes outside normal flow)

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ISR Definitions

INT0 Interrupt

ISR(INT0_vect)
{
    flag = 1;
}

INT1 Interrupt

ISR(INT1_vect)
{
    flag = 1;
}

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Important Notes

• Keep ISR short
• No delay or heavy processing inside ISR
• Use flag and handle logic in main loop
• Always use volatile for shared variables